Assessment of Microbial Load and Multidrug-Resistant Profile of Bacterial Flora from Cattle in Bauchi, Nigeria
Biotechnology Journal International, Volume 26, Issue 6,
Page 63-70
DOI:
10.9734/bji/2022/v26i6666
Abstract
Aim: The study aimed to assess the bacterial load of in rectal swabs from cattle by isolating Enterococcus spp and Escherichia coli, and determining the multidrug-resistant pattern of the isolates.
Study Design: The study is a clinical-veterinary laboratory investigation involving the isolation and determination of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile of Enterococcus spp and E. coli isolated from cattle rectal.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Yelwa and Gubi campuses Farm centers of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria, in period extended from April to June 2021.
Methodology: Fresh rectal swab samples were collected from the randomly selected cattle and labeled. The samples were immediately transported and processed in the Microbiology laboratory at Yelwa Campus, and the bacterial load of each sample was determined using standard techniques. Enterococcus spp and E. coli were isolated using differential culture media followed by an appropriate biochemical identification test. The isolates were subjected to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.
Results: In Yelwa, the highest microbial load is 2.7 x 1012 CFU/g. while the lowest microbial load is 2.0 x 1012 CFU/g. In the Gubi campus, the highest microbial load is 3.4 x 1012 CFU/g. while the lowest microbial load is 2.7 x 1012 CFU/g. Both in Yelwa and Gubi ,the result showed that most isolates of Enterococcus spp and E. coli are multidrug-resistant. In Yalwa some of the isolates showed 100% resistance against Norfloxacin, Rifampicin, Ampicillin, and Streptomycin, while Gentamycin gave the lowest multidrug resistance (57.4%). In Gubi, the highest was to ampicillin with (90.6%) frequency, while the lowest resistance was found in Chloramphenicol (11.3%). In Yelwa, a high percentage resistance (92.6%) was observed in Streptomycin, and Cephalexin has the lowest (20.4%). In Gubi, all the E. coli isolates had 100% resistance against sulfamethoxazole, and the lowest was in Ofloxacin (43.4%).
Conclusion: This study found that cattle in the area are reservoirs of bacteria that are both part of the normal flora and opportunistic pathogens, and harbored resistance phenotypes. It is therefore advocated that the use of these animals’ faeces as manure should be done with caution, particularly after pre-treatments.
- Multidrug-resistance
- yelwa
- gubi
- Enterococcus sp
- Escherichia coli
- cattle
How to Cite
References
Jechalke, S. Structural and functional response of the soil bacterial community to application of manure from difloxacin-treated pigs. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2014;87:78–88.
Van Boeckel TP, et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: An analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):742–50.
Muurinen J, Stedtfeld R, Karkman A, Parnanen K, Tiedje J. Virta M. Influence of Manure Application on the Environmental Resistome under Finnish Agricultural Practice with Restricted Antibiotic Use. Envt. Sci. Tech. 2017;51(11):5989-99.
Feng-Hua W, Min Q, Zheng C, Jian-Qiang S, Yong-Guan Z. Antibiotic resistance genes in manure-amended soil and vegetables at harvest. J. Hazardous Matls. 2015;299:215–21.
Yijun K, Qing L, Zhifeng Y, Min S, Haitao Z, Yanchao B, Lijuan M, Jian H. High diversity and abundance of cultivable tetracycline-resistant bacteria in soil following pig manure application. Sci. Report. 2018;8:1-13.
Tenaillon O, Barrick JE, Ribeck N, Deatherage DE, Blanchard JL, Dasgupta A, Wu GC, Wielgoss S, Cruveiller S, Médigue C, Schneider D, Lenski RE. Tempo and mode of genome evolution in a 50,000-generation experiment. Nat. 2016; 536:165–70.
Bentley R, Meganathan R. Geosmin and methyl isoborneol biosynthesis in Streptomyces. Evidence for an isoprenoid pathway and its absence in non-differentiating isolates. FEBS Lett. 1981; 125:220-222.
Eckburg PB, Low DE, File TM Jr, et al. FOCUS 2: A randomized, double-blinded, multicenter, phase III trial of the efficacy and safety of ceftaroline fosamil versus ceftriaxone in community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob. Chemother. 2011;66:(Suppl 3):iii33-iii44.
Kang CI, Kim SH, Park WB. Bloodstream infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: risk factors for mortality and treatment outcome, with special emphasis on antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother. 2004; 48:4574-81.
Grünberg W. Treatment of phosphorus balance disorders. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2014; 30(2):383-408.
Graves DT, Corrêa JD, Silva TA. The Oral Microbiota Is Modified by Systemic Diseases. J Dent Res. 2019;98(2):148-156.
Soupir S, Mostaghimi ER. Yagow Nutrient transport from livestock manure applied to pastureland using phosphorus-based management strategies J. Environ. Qual. 2006;35:1269-1278.
Jorgensen JH, Turnidge JD. Antibacterial susceptibility tests: Manual of clinical microbiology. 9th ed. Washington, DC: American Society. Microbiology. 2007; 1152–72.
Wang J, Liu X, Li Y, Powell T, Wang X, Wang G, Zhang P. Microplastics as contaminants in the soil environment: A mini-review. Sci. Tot. Env. 2019;691:848-857.
Evans J, Doyle J, Dolores GE. "Escherichia coli". Medical Microbiology, 4th edition. The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; 2007.
Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing (27th ed). CLSI supplement M100S. Wayne, Pennsylvania. 2017;250.
Muhammad S, Amusa NA. In vitro inhibition of growth of some seedling blight inducing pathogens by compost inhibiting microbes. Afr. J. Biotech. 2003;2(6):161–164.
Teo KC, Teoh, SM. Preliminary biological screening of microbes isolated from cow dung in Kampar. Afr. J. Biotech. 2011;10(9):1640-45.
Igbalajobi OA, David OM, Agidigbi TS, Babalola, JA. Antibiotic resistance pattern of two indicator bacteria isolated from cow dung across ten local government areas of Ekiti State. Nigeria. Int. J. Cur. Microb. Applied Sci. 2015;4(11): 8-14.
Manyi-Loh CE, Sampson N, Mamphweli EL, Makaka G, Michael S. An overview of the control of bacterial pathogens in cattle manure. Int. J. Env. Resource Pub. Health, 2016;13(9):838-843.
Nikolina U, Fabienne W, Nichole AB, Jo H. Bloom of resident antibiotic-resistant bacteria in soil following manure fertilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2014;111:15502–15207.
Qingxiang Y, Siwei R, Tianqi N, Yuhui G. Distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chicken manure and manure-fertilized vegetables. J. Undergrad. Res. Innov. 2013;1(3):219-227.
Nain VK, Khurana GS, Singh S, Vashitha A, Sangeeta A. Antibiotic resistance pattern in bacterial isolates obtained from different water samples of Delhi Region. Afr. J. Bact. Res. 2015;9(1):1-8.
Zapun A, Contreras-Martel C. and Vernet T. Penicillin-binding proteins and beta-lactam resistance. FEMS Microb. Rev, 2008;32:361-385.
Bush K. Proliferation and significance of clinically relevant beta-lactamases. Ann. NY Acad Sci. 2013;1277(1):84-90.
Hooper DC, Jacogy GA Mechanisms of drug resistance: Quinolone resistance. Ann. NY Acad. Sci; 2015.
DOI:10.1111/nyas.12830
Bharti S, Maneesha S. Isolation and characterization of bacteria from cow dung of desi cow breed on different morpho-biochemical parameters in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Int. J. Adv. Pharm. Biol. Chem. 2015;4(2):276-281.
Omojowo FS, Omojasola FP. Antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial pathogens isolated from cow dung used to fertilize Nigerian fish ponds. Nat. Sci. Biol. 2013; 5(1):15-19.
Jose LM. Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants. Env. Pollution. 2009;157: 2893–2902.
Barbara AB, June MB, Patricia SC, Richard JW. Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy. Clin. Microb. Rev. 2006;19(2):259-282.
Abu GO, Wondikom AC. Isolation, Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance Profile Studies of Bacteria from an Excavated Pond in Port Harcourt Metropolis. Nigeria J. Applied Sci. Env. Mgt. 2018;22(8):1177–84.
Ndirika D, Nnabue MU, Amechi SN, Chinwe JA. Pathogenic bacteria prevalence in a selected environmental sample and their sensitivity to routine antibiotics. Int. J. Cur Microb. Applied Sci. 2016;5(8):862-872.
Mandal MD, Mandal S, Pal NK. Antibiotic resistance prevalence and pattern in environmental bacterial isolates. The Open Antimicrob Agents J. 2011;3:45-52.
Ikpeme E, Nfongeh J, Enyi-Idoh K, Eja ME, Etim L. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of enteric bacterial isolates from dumpsite utisols and water sources in a rural community in cross river state, southern Nigeria. Nat. Sci. 2011;9(5):46-50.
You Y, Silbergeld KE. Learning from agriculture: understanding low-dose antimicrobials as drivers of resistome expansion. Frontiers Microb. 2014;5 (284):1-10.
Davies J. Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes. Sci. 2014;264: 375–382.
-
Abstract View: 107 times
PDF Download: 47 times
