Virulence and Molecular Detection of Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Virus Genes on Elite Mutant Cassava Lines
Lydia Chepkoech Kimno
*
Department of Agriculture and Irrigation, County Government of Elgeyo-Marakwet, P.O. Box 249 - 30700, Iten, Kenya.
Javan Omondi Were
Department of Seed, Crop and Horticultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125 - 30100, Eldoret, Kenya.
Isaac Kofi Bimpong
Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria.
Miriam Gaceri Kinyua
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125 - 30100, Eldoret, Kenya.
Stephen Kimno
Center of Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125 - 30100, Eldoret, Kenya.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Unavailability of germplasm with Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) and Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) tolerance genes remains the main bottleneck towards management of the two diseases in tropic and sub-tropic regions in Africa. We assessed the pathogenicity of two viruses and established the presence of genes linked to CBSD and CMD among some elite cassava lines using field techniques and PCR methods. The screen-house experiment was arranged in split plot in completely randomized block design replicated thrice. Severity data was done on a scale of 1 - 5 at an interval of 14 days post inoculation. Symptomatic fresh leaves were used in the extraction of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid and amplification done using markers linked to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), separated bands scored as present (+) or absent (-) and visualized under UV trans-illuminator. Virulence and pathogenicity results showed higher tolerance to CBSD and CMD under single inoculation. In contrast, dual inoculation synergistically increased severity expression leading defoliation at early stages of growth. DNA amplification found no CBSD and CMD alleles in CAS1. However, some traces of the alleles were amplified on CAS2, CAS3, KME3 and KME4. Mutant cassava lines exhibited low severity compared to parental lines which were genetically different in terms of viral genes detected by the ACMV linked markers.
Keywords: Virulence, gene detection, cassava mosaic virus, cassava brown streak virus, cassava
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Sonnewald U, Fernie AR, Gruissem W, Schläpfer P, Anjanappa RB, Chang SH. The Cassava Source–Sink project: Opportunities and challenges for crop improvement by metabolic engineering. The Plant Journal. 2020;103(5):1655-1665. Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14865
FAO. The State of Food and Agriculture. 2020:978-92-5-133394-5. Aavialble:https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1329en
Ferraro V, Piccirillo C, Tomlins K, Pintado ME. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yam (Dioscorea spp.) crops and their derived foodstuffs: safety, security and nutritional value. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2016;56(16):2714-2727.
Nyirahorana C, Mburu DM, Mulyungi P, Ntaganira E, Ndunguru J, Sseruwagi P. Drivers Behind Adoption of Cassava Brown Streak Disease Control Measures In Rwanda. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research. 2017;6(11):113-117.
ISSN 2277-8616.
Kriticos DJ, Darnell RE, Yonow T, Ota N, Sutherst RW, Parry HR. Improving climate suitability for Bemisiatabaci in East Africa is correlated with increased prevalence of whiteflies and cassava diseases. Scientific reports,. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):1-17,22049.
Doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79149-6
Tembo M, Mataa M, Legg J, Chikoti PC, Ntawuruhunga P. Cassava mosaic disease: Incidence and yield performance of cassava cultivars in Zambia. Journal of Plant Pathology. 2017;99(3):1-28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v99i3.3955
Masumba EA, Kapinga F, Mkamilo G, Salum K, Kulembeka H, Rounsley S. QTL associated with resistance to cassava brown streak and cassava mosaic diseases in a bi-parental cross of two Tanzanian farmer varieties, Namikonga and Albert. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2017;130(10):2069-2090. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2943-z.
Opolot D, Ilukor J, Settumba M, Mugisha J. An analysis of the profitability and factors driving farmers’ decisions to produce bioethanol from cassava in Northern Uganda. RUFORUM Working Document Series. 2018;17(1):309-318. (ISSN 1607-9345).
Walsh S. Responding to two cassava disease pandemics in East and Central Africa. Case studies of root, tuber and banana seed systems. CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB). 2016;214-244. ISSN 2309-6586. no.2016-3.
Legg J, Ndalahwa M, Yabeja J, Ndyetabula I, Bouwmeester H, Shirima R. Community phytosanitation to manage cassava brown streak disease. Virus Research. 2017;241:236-253.
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.020
Tumwegamire S, Kanju E, Legg J, Shirima R, Kombo S, Mkamilo G. Exchanging and managing in-vitro elite germplasm to combat Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) and Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) in Eastern and Southern Africa. Food Security. 2018;10(2):351-368.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0779-2
Mukiibi DR, Alicai T, Kawuki R, Okao-Okuja G, Tairo F, Sseruwagi P, Ateka EM. Resistance of advanced cassava breeding clones to infection by major viruses in Uganda. Crop Protection. 2019;115:104-112.
Kayondo SI, DeCarpio DP, Slozano R, Ozimati A, Wolfe M, Baguma Y. Genome-wide association mapping and genomic prediction for CBSD resistance in Manihot esculenta. Scientific Reports. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):1-11. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19696-1
Munganyinka E, Ateka EM, Kihurani AW, Kanyange MC, Tairo F, Sseruwagi P. Cassava brown streak disease in Rwanda, the associated viruses and disease phenotypes. Plant Pathology. 2018;67(2):377-387.Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12789
Okogbenin E, Egesi CN, Olasanmi B, Ogundapo O, Kahya S, Hurtado P. Molecular marker analysis and validation of resistance to cassava mosaic disease in elite cassava genotypes in Nigeria. Crop Science. 2012;52(6):2576-2586.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.11.0586
Olufemi JP, Alabia K, Lava AN. Rayapati. Multiplex PCR for the detection of African cassava mosaic virus and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus in cassava. Journal of Virological Methods. 2008;154(2008):111–120.
Shirima RR, Maeda DG, Kanjua E, Ceasar G, Tibazarwa FI, Legg JP. Absolute quantification of cassava brown streak virus mRNA by real-time qPCR. Journal of Virological Methods. 2017;245:5-13.Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.03.003
Monger WA, Seal S, Isaac AM, Foster GD. Molecular characterization of Cassava brown streak virus coat. Plant Pathology. 2001;50(4):527-534.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00589.x
Nakabonge G, Nangonzi R, Tumwebaze BS, Kazibwe A, Samukoya C, Baguma Y. Production of virus-free cassava through hot water therapy and two rounds of meristem tip culture. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2020;6(1):1800923.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1800923
Tomlinson KR, Bailey AM, Alicai T, Seal S, Foster GD. Cassava brown streak disease: Historical timeline, current knowledge and future prospects. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2018;19(5):1282–1294. DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12613
Chikoti PC, Mulenga RM, Tembo M, Sseruwagi P. Cassava mosaic disease: A review of a threat to cassava production in Zambia. Journal of Plant Pathology. 2019;101(3):467-477.
Houngue JA, Pita JS, Ngalle HB, Zandjanakou-Tachin M, Kuate AF, Cacaï GHT. Response of cassava cultivars to African cassava mosaic virus infection across a range of inoculum doses and plant ages. PloS One. 2019;14(12). Available:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226783
Irigoyen ML, Garceau DC, Bohorquez-Chaux A, Lopez-Lavalle LAB, Perez-Fons L, Fraser PD. Genome-wide analyses of cassava Pathogenesis-related (PR) gene families reveal core transcriptome responses to whitefly infestation, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. BMC Genomics. 2020;21(1):1-18. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6443-1
Mouketou A, Koumba AA, Gnacadja C, Zinga-Koumba CR, Abessolo Meye C, et al. Cassava mosaic disease incidence and severity and whitefly vector distribution in gabon. African Crop Science Journal. 2022;30(2):167-183. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v30i2.5
Zhou X, Liu Y, Calvert L, Munoz C, Otim-Nape GRD, H & BD. Evidence that DNA-A of a geminivirus associated with severe cassava mosaic disease in Uganda has arisen by interspecific recombination J. Gen. Virol. 1997;78(8):2101-2111. DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-78-8-2101