Biotechnology Journal International

The Effect of Jingdusha on Cucumber Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters under Corynespora cassiicola Stress

Jinghang Hong , Zhangtong Ma, Juyong Zhao , Junqiu Li , Tiefeng Song — Thu, 27 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: The paper aimed to clarify the effect of Jingdusha on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of cucumber seedlings under Corynespora cassiicola stress.

Study Design: We applied the method of artificial inoculation in the pot and analyzed the changes in the content of chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.

Place and Duration of Study: In 2018, these experiments were conducted in the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology of Shenyang Agricultural University (Lab 240).

Methodology: The seedlings in the two-leaf period were induced by 2.0 mL·L^-1 of Jingdusha, then inoculated C. cassiicola for 24 h. Cucumber seedlings of each treatment group were randomly selected for the content of chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters determination. The leaves of cucumber seedlings in each treatment group were randomly collected at 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d and 9 d after inoculation for the determination of the content of chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.

Results: When C. cassiicola infects cucumber, Jingdusha can effectively increase the energy conversion efficiency of the PSII central response and the potential activity of PSII, besides, the photosynthetic reaction activity did not change significantly in the early stage, but increased significantly in the later stage and rescure the degree of photosynthetic structural damage.

Conclusion: In conclusion, under C. cassiicola stress, plant immune resistant inducer Jingdusha can effectively increase the capacity of PSII and the efficiency of PSII operation under the light in cucumber seedlings, reduce the damage of photosynthetic structure, increase the ability of PSII to accept and transfer electrons, as well as reduce the degradation of chlorophyll and the dissipation of light energy under C. cassiicola stress.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Induction of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rajkumari Sarita Devi , Bidhan Roy , Gadge Sushan Sundarrao , Utpal Maity — Thu, 10 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: Black rice of Manipur is known for its aroma and nutritional quality. As per the reports on tissue culture of rice, callus induction response of traditional cultivars was much lower than the modern high yielding varieties. Considering the importance of the black rice, and effort was taken to standardized callus induction protocol of black rice of Manipur.

Study Design: Complete Randomized Design.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar 736165, West Bengal, India, between June 2020 and July 2023.

Methodology: Mature seeds of two black rice varieties used in this work. The seeds were dehusked manually, washed with running tap water. Then sterilized with 1% bavistin and again washed with running tap water. Seeds were surface sterilized with 0.2% HgCl₂ for 15 minutes. Sterilised seeds were rinsed with sterile distilled water inside laminar air flow hood. The seeds were blotting dry using autoclaved tissue paper and sterile seeds were cultured with the scutellum pointing up wards on callus induction medium fortified with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators.

Results: MS medium fortified with 2,4-D was found to be better than picloram and TDZ to induce callus and the 2,4-D @ 1.00 mg/L and 2,4-D 2.00 mg/L was found to be the best concentrations. Callus health was also good when MS medium invigorated with 2,4-D.

Conclusion: An efficient embryogenic callus induction and plantlet regeneration protocol for black rice was established by using mature seeds. In callus induction studies, with different concentrations of PGR, 2,4-D, higher callus induction frequency was observed with 1.00 mg/L 2,4-D and 2,4-D @ 2 mg/L for both rice varieties.

Evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improved Strains Potential in the Bioethanol Production from Bagasse

Adegbehingbe Kehinde Tope , Adetuwo Olagunju Johnson , Omodara Tolani Rachael — Tue, 22 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Plant biomass can be utilized to produce bioethanol, because they are abundantly available in nature. The cost of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials is relatively high with low yield. But this can be solved by strain improvement processes. This study is aimed at evaluate bioethanol production potential of improved strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae developed through random mutagenesis. Bagasse was hydrolysed with 1% NaOH and 1.0M H₂SO₄respectively for five days. The hydrolysed bagasse was saccharified using Aspergillus niger isolated from soil samples. Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from locally produced wines; sorghum (burukutu) oil palm wine (emu) and raphia palm wine (oguro) with the highest ethanol production (5.0g/ml) were used, and then treated with physical mutagen (ultraviolet light) and chemical mutagens (Acridine dye, Bromo acetaldehyde, dithiothreitol, Ketoconazole and Nitrous acid) respectively to develop mutant with high ethanol producing efficiency under varied operational parameters. Three mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae namely;- SUV, SCD and SCK produced higher volumes of ethanol (7.5 g/ml, 9.8 g/ml, 11.2 g/ml respectively). SCD and SCK were able to grow at 25% ethanol concentration indicating that they had higher ethanol tolerance ability than the other strains. The optimum temperature and pH for ethanol production by all the strains were 35⁰C and 6.0 respectively. The improved strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae developed through random mutation techniques had produced more ethanol from the bagasse than the wild-type.

Genotyping by Sequencing Reveals Genetic Relatedness and Duplicates amongst Local Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Landraces and Improved Genotypes in Kenya

Charles Orek , Martina Kyallo , Shorinola Oluwaseyi , Nasser Yao — Thu, 31 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Future demand for cassava is expected to increase in order to mitigate climatic changes, sustain food security and provide raw materials for industry. To meet these demands, adoption of modern omics methods ensures reliability, precision and timely delivery of more productive and resilient varieties. A total of 112 mix of duplicate clones, diverse local cassava landraces (LARs) and improved genotypes (IMGs) were genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated through genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach. About 17% (5808) of the 33672 SNPs were used for hierarchical clustering and ADMIXTURE analysis for ancestries. Approximately 48 and 52% of the germplasms respectively formed 17 independent clusters (identical clones or duplicates) and admixtures (unique or non-duplicated clones). Of the duplicates, 10 clusters were formed from LARs, four from IMGs and three from a mix of both LARs and IMGs, revealing their genetic relatedness. Approximately 71 and 29% of clusters comprised cassava accessions from the same and different geographical regions, respectively, with the geographical restriction of clusters attributed to the limited movement of planting materials across the country, possibly due to a weak seed distribution system or disease-driven quarantine measures. The historical sharing or exchange of stakes or stem cuttings by farmers was linked to the duplication of LARs, whereas IMGs duplication may be associated with convergent evolution, selection, or sharing of common parentage. The high number of admixtures or unique clones implied minimal loss of genetic diversity. These findings can aid designing efficient and effective cassava improvement programs through development of a core set of diagnostic markers.

Efficacy of Azadirachta indica in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Helminthiasis

Adams E. G., Ekott E. J., Usip L. P., Opara K. N. — Sat, 02 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The study was carried out to assess the anthelminthic efficacy of Azadirachta indica commonly known as Neem (Dogoyaro). The phytochemical components of the leaf extract was accessed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and the efficacy was carried out in vitro and in vivo using Toxocara canis (as worm model) of dogs. Twenty peaks of compounds were revealed in the GS-MS chromatogram, with Hexadecanoic acid which is saddled with anthelminthic effect as one of its major constituents. In the in vitro study, the lethal concentration was 92.48ml/mg at 6hrs. Percentage egg reduction of 76.2% and 83.9% from the Faecal Egg Count (FEC) at LC25 and LC50 respectively was recorded for the in vivo study. The overall blood count of all the puppies used for the experiment were 4.46 X 10⁶µL for RBC, 31.32% for PCV and 11.23 X 10³for WBC. Puppies treated with Azadirachta indica leaf extract showed minimal alteration of the three heamatological parameters (WBC, PCV and RBC) analyzed compared to the uninfected control group and group treated with Mbendazole. This indicates that Azadirachta indica leaf extract is effective in the treatment of gastrointestinal helminthiasis and also further investigations are recommended as it may be useful in the treatment of other diseases.

Isolation, Characterization, and GC-MS Analysis of Fatty Acid of Mugil parsia Fish Oil

Shahanaz Khatun — Wed, 06 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

This paper reports the isolation, characterization, and GC-MS analysis of Mugil parsia fish oil collected from the Rupsha River in Khulna. The oil was extracted from the dried fish by using the Soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane, with an oil yield of 17± 4.0 %. The moisture, ash, and protein content of the raw fish were found to be 75.45 %, 1.258 %, and 20.00 % respectively. The physicochemical compositions of the extracted oil like color, specific gravity, peroxide value, saponification value, free fatty acid (FFA), acid value, and iodine value were determined and were found to be yellowish brown in color, 0.913±0.31, 9.9±0.1 meq/kg, 295.4±3.0 mg KOH/g, 11.9±2.0%, 5.7±0.11mg KOH/g, and 150.3±0.12 mg/100g respectively. Fatty acid composition was identified by GC-MS analysis of the Mugil parsia fish oil, showed the Phthalic acid, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) ester, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, icosanoic anhydride, glycidyl stearate were identified as the major constituents.

The Effect of Mutagenesis on the Production of Mycelia Growth of Auricularia Species in Nigeria

Thu, 07 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Auricularia species is a jelly-like edible mushroom belonging to the class Basidiomycete, Family Auriculariacea. It has many medicinal properties and is widely consumed in Nigeria. Not much research effort appears to have been conducted on its domestication and commercial production in Nigeria. This study evaluated the use of sawdust and rice bran as potential substrates for its cultivation. Two strains of Auricularia species were collected from the wild and identified as Auricularia polytricha and Auricularia subglabra by genetic DNA extraction. Pure cultures of the species were screened for strain improvement by mutagenesis using UV light and ethyl methyl sulfonate mutagens. Spawn of the wild species and the mutants were produced using sorghum grain. The produced spawn was used for the production of the mushroom fruit bodies using sawdust supplemented with rice bran. The biological efficiencies of both wild and mutant were 197% and 90% respectively. A combination of sawdust and rice bran supported the growth of both species of Auricularia. The Rate of spawn running during spawn production was also negatively affected by mutagenesis in mutants.

The Metagenomic Characterization of Bacterial Community in Aquacultured Shrimp Penaeus monodon

Dini Chandran C. S., Rekha Sivadasan — Thu, 14 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Aquaculture has grown rapidly during the last few decades due to research and developmental activities but we are still unaware of the various microbial species thriving within the aquaculture systems and their specific roles for knowing that Mmetagenomics study required environmental sample to discover the unexplored microbial community. The aim of this present study is to characterize the gut microbiota of giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon collected gut sample and16S rRNA gene-based high-throughput sequencing revealed distinct and diverse microbial communities. The results showed a high abundance of Betaproteobacteria, followed by Alphaproteobacteria, Clostridia, Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli found in the gut sample Microbes that play essential roles in nutrient cycling and mineralization of organic compounds such as Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria could also be identified. Due to the strong influence of the gut microbiota on fish health, dominant bacterial species in the gut are strong candidates for probiotics. These findings provide valuable information on the microbial community and contribute to controlling the diseases in shrimp farms.

Estimation of the Electrical Energy Potential of Rice Husk Biomass Generated within Ebonyi State, South Eastern Nigeria

Wed, 20 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Nigeria’s energy sector has been ailing for the past two decades due to its excessive dependency on petroleum and lack of diversity in energy sources in the energy supply mix. To address this huge energy gap, biomass conversion power plant (BCPP) is considered as a “bridging solution”- allowing waste product to be used to generate power as an alternative to the high-emitting fossil fuels. Thus, this study was conducted to estimate the electrical energy potential of rice husk (RH) generated biomass within Ebonyi State, South East, Nigeria. RH accounts for approximately 20-23% of the total paddy rice weight with about 10 – 12% moisture. Presently, Ebonyi State produces about 300,000 metric tons (300,000,000Kg) of RH annually. The average percentage mass of the RH sample was calculated to be 21.33%. The BCPP analyzed result yields an average moisture and energy content (HHV) of 2.6% and 14.80MJ/Kg with a corresponding electricity output of 70.39KWh while the estimated result for the electrical energy potential of RH currently generated within the state was estimated to be 214.29MW per annum. This is a clear indication of the huge prospects that lie in the use of RH as feed stock for power generation within the State.