Monkeypox and Monkey Fever: Basic Understanding for Better Community Participation in Disease Control
Biotechnology Journal International,
Page 1-12
DOI:
10.9734/bji/2022/v26i5657
Abstract
Currently, Monkeypox is a threatening viral disease terminology around the world that worries the global community after the Coronavirus pandemic. Beyond the woods of central Africa, where cases were first discovered, the geographic distribution of monkeypox cases has extended to other parts of the world including India, where cases have been imported. Under these circumstances, public confusion is noticed between Monkeypox and Monkey fever across southern parts of India. Monkeypox and Monkey fever (Kyasanur Forest Disease) are categorized as potential emerging or re-emerging Zoonotic diseases of humans and are fundamentally having clear-cut differentiation in their causative agent, clinical symptoms, and pathogenesis. Hence, it is important to clarify and eliminate the confusions which would have tremendous and dangerous public health impacts. As defined by the Global Burden of Disease Study, Emerging Infections (EIs) are those that have recently appeared in a population or previously existed but are now gaining in prevalence or geographic spread rapidly. A disease emerges from the interactions between rapidly evolving infectious agents and the environmental changes and changes in human behavior that provide these agents with favorable ecological niches. This review attempts to differentiate between the two emerging infections - Monkeypox and Monkey fever which are affecting a significant group of the population worldwide and provides a comparative picture of both diseases towards developing adequate awareness among the public and expects to complement the community-based future control measures.
Keywords:
- Zoonotic diseases
- monkeypox
- monkey fever
- emerging
- reemerging
How to Cite
Pillai, S. B., Jagannathan, S., Jeyachandran, A., Pariyapurath, N. K., Pachamuthu, R. G., Bharathi, V., Jagadibabu, S., Channappa, S. K., Premkumar, A. A., Kannaiyan, M., & Sakthivel, S. (2022). Monkeypox and Monkey Fever: Basic Understanding for Better Community Participation in Disease Control. Biotechnology Journal International, 26(5), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.9734/bji/2022/v26i5657
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DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1602431, PMID 30945970.
Jonsson CB, et al. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of a tick-borne disease- Kyasanur Forest disease: current status and future directions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol | www. 2018;8:149.
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00149
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DOI: 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00246-0, PMID 12951023.
Barker WC, Mazumder R, Vasudevan S, Sagripanti JL, Wu CH. Sequence signatures in envelope protein may determine whether flaviviruses produce hemorrhagic or encephalitic syndromes. Virus Genes. 2009;39(1):1-9.
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0343-4, PMID 19283462.
Sawatsky B, McAuley AJ, Holbrook MR, Bente DA. Comparative pathogenesis of Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever and Kyasanur forest disease viruses in a mouse model. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(6): e2934.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002934, PMID 24922308.
Hoff NA, Doshi RH, Colwell B, Kebela-Illunga B, Mukadi P, Mossoko M, et al. Evolution of a disease surveillance system: An increase in reporting of human monkeypox disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2001-2013. Int J Trop Dis Health. 2017;25(2):35885.
DOI: 10.9734/IJTDH/2017/35885, PMID 30123790.
Vaughan A et al. Two cases of monkeypox imported to the United Kingdom, September 2018. Eurosurveillance. 2018; 23(38).
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917
Erez N, Achdout H, Milrot E, Schwartz Y, Wiener-Well Y, Paran N, et al. Diagnosis of imported monkey pox, Israel, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(5):980-3.
DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.190076, PMID 30848724.
Pattnaik P. Kyasanur forest disease: An epidemiological view in India. Rev Med Virol. 2006;16(3):151-65.
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.495, PMID 16710839.
Mourya DT, Yadav PD. Recent scenario of emergence of Kyasanur Forest disease in India and public health importance. Curr Trop Med Rep. Mar 01, 2016;3(1): 7-13.
DOI: 10.1007/s40475-016-0067-1.
Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(2):e0010141.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141, PMID 35148313.
Thomassen HA, Fuller T, Asefi-Najafabady S, Shiplacoff JA, Mulembakani PM, Blumberg S, et al. Pathogen-host associations and predicted range shifts of human monkeypox in response to climate change in central Africa. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e66071.
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0066071, PMID 23935820.
Weiss RA, McMichael AJ. Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Nat Med. 2004;10(12);Suppl:S70-6.
DOI: 10.1038/nm1150, PMID 15577934.
J, SR E. & O. S. C Lederberg, editor. Emerging infections: Microbial threats to health in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1992.
Fauci AS. Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: the perpetual challenge. Acad Med. 2005;80(12): 1079-85.
DOI: 10.1097/00001888-200512000-00002, PMID 16306276.
Church DL. Major factors affecting the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. Clin Lab Med. 2004;24(3): 559-86.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2004.05.008, PMID 15325056.
Murhekar MV, Kasabi GS, Mehendale SM, Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Tandale BVOn the transmission pattern of Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) in India. Infect Dis Poverty. 2015;4:37.
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-015-0066-9, PMID 26286631.
CDC National Center for emerging zoonotic diseases. CDC fact sheet Page last reviewed: December 23, 2013 Content source. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID).
[accessed: May 22, 2022] [online].
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